Associations between Toxoplasma gondii seropositivity and psychopathological manifestations in schizophrenic patients: A single-center study from Ecuador.

BACKGROUND: Schizophrenia, a complex neuropsychiatric disorder, is believed to be influenced by various factors including environmental exposures. A potential environmental factor is the infection by the obligate intracellular parasitic protozoan, Toxoplasma gondii which affects neurotransmitter levels, which could potentially exacerbate, trigger symptoms of schizophrenia or make them worst. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the association between Toxoplasma gondii seropositivity and psychopathological presentation in persons with schizophrenia in Ecuador. METHODS: This study was conducted at the Neuroscience Institute of Guayaquil, Ecuador. Among 368 inpatients, 104 were selected based on specific inclusion and exclusion criteria. Descriptive statistics captured patient characteristics and mental health outcomes. Logistic regression models estimated the effect of toxoplasmosis on various mental health outcomes, controlling for demographic and health-related variables. RESULTS: 86.5% of participants were seropositive for toxoplasmosis. Toxoplasma-seropositive schizophrenic patients had a lower risk of depression but a significantly higher risk of disorientation. The most prevalent mental health outcomes were Language Impairments (70.2%) and Bizarre Behavior (76.0%). CONCLUSION: Our findings suggest that Toxoplasma gondii seropositivity may have specific effects on mental functions in schizophrenic patients, particularly reducing the risk of depression but increasing the risk of disorientation. Further studies are required to clarify these associations and the potential underlying mechanisms.

Cognitive Deterioration and Quality of Life in Patients with Schizophrenia: A Single Institution Experience.

The present article aimed to analyze and describe the relationship between cognitive impairment and the perception of quality of life. The study was carried out in the psychiatric hospital within the Ecuadorian "Instituto de Neurociencias," with 50 patients, both men and women, between the ages of 18 and 65 years. An instrument for the screening of cognitive impairment in psychiatric patients, a questionnaire that measures quality of life, and a sociodemographic questionnaire were applied individually. Data collection took between 30 and 40 minutes per person. The results obtained allowed to verify the relationship between cognitive deterioration and quality of life. First, it was shown that while there was greater cognitive impairment, the perception of quality of life was low and vice versa. It was found that the areas of verbal learning, processing speed, and working memory are those that present greater difficulty for patients with this disorder.

OBTENCIÓN DE ESCLEROCIOS DE MORILLA (Morchella esculenta) EN DIFERENTES MEDIOS DE CULTIVO / OBTAINING SCLEROTIA OF MOREL MUSHROM (Morchella esculenta) IN DIFFERENT CULTURE MEDIA / OBTENÇÃO DE ESCLERÓCIOS DE MORILLA (Morchella esculenta) EM DIFERENTES MEIOS DE CULTIVO

Morchella esculenta es un hongo comestible de alto valor comercial y la obtención de esclerocios es considerada como la clave para su cultivo. En este trabajo se evaluó el desarrollo de la cepa IE-750 en ocho medios de cultivo sólido y seis en forma líquida, utilizando como parámetros el crecimiento micelial, la producción de biomasa, la habilidad para producir esclerocios y su biomasa. El mejor crecimiento micelial se obtuvo en el tratamiento con composta (T7: 53,87cm²), y en cuanto a la biomasa, el medio de cultivo con levadura fue mejor (T3: 80,3mg). Los tratamientos con gallinaza y composta, presentaron 40 y 80% de esclerocios, respectivamente, tanto en medio sólido como líquido. La mayor cantidad de biomasa de estas estructuras se presentó en el tratamiento con composta en medio sólido (T7: 27,04mg). Los esclerocios se obtuvieron en lapsos de 9-12 días (medio sólido) y de 7-9 días (medio líquido), lo cual es un tiempo relativamente corto y abre una posibilidad de cumplir con una de las condiciones necesarias para su domesticación.

Morchella esculenta is an edible mushroom of high commercial value and obtaining sclerotia is considered important for its cultivation. In this work, the growth of the IE-750 strain was studied in eight solid and six liquid culture media. Parameters assessed were mycelial growth, production of biomass, and ability to produce sclerotia and their biomass. The best mycelial growth was obtained in the treatment containing compost extract (T7: 53.87cm²), while the highest production of biomass was recorded in the treatment containing yeast (T3: 80.3mg). Treatments with poultry manure and compost showed 40 and 80% of sclerotia in solid and liquid media, respectively, and the highest sclerotia biomass was recorded in the compost treatment (solid medium). Sclerotia were obtained in periods of 9-12 days (solid medium) and 7-9 days (liquid medium).

Morchella esculenta é um cogumelo comestível de alto valor comercial e a obtenção de esclerócios é considerada como a chave para seu cultivo. Neste trabalho foi avaliado o desenvolvimento da cepa IE-750 em oito meios de cultivo sólido e seis em forma líquida, utilizando como parâmetros o crescimento micelial, a produção de biomassa, a habilidade para produzir esclerócios e sua biomassa. O melhor crescimento micelial foi obtido no tratamento por compostagem (T7: 53,87cm²), e em relação à biomassa, o meio de cultivo com levedura foi melhor (T3: 80,3mg). Os tratamentos de cama-de-frango e compostagem apresentaram 40 e 80% de esclerócios, respectivamente, tanto no meio sólido como líquido. A maior quantidade de biomassa de estas estruturas se apresentou no tratamento com compostagem no meio sólido (T7: 27,04 mg). Os esclerócios foram obtidos em períodos de 9-12 dias (meio sólido) e de 7-9 dias (meio líquido), o qual é tempo relativamente curto e abre uma possibilidade de cumprir com uma das condições necessárias para sua domesticação.

Productividad y anatomía en sistemas de producción ovina: dos propiedades emergentes de los agroecosistemas / Productivity and autonomy in sheep production systems: two emergent propieties of agroecosystems

El bajo rendimiento de carne por animal y la excesiva dependencia de insumos como: mano de obra y alimentos; así como altos costos de producción en los sistemas de producción ovina y el desconocimiento del grado de independencia de éstos son limitantes para la competividad de las empresas pecuarias. El objetivo de este estudio fue analizar la productividad y la autonomía de dos sistemas de producción ovina en el estado de Veracruz, México bajo el enfoque en agroecosistemas. Durante el año 2004, se analizaron éstas propiedades emergentes de dos granjas ovinas ubicadas en la zona centro del estado de Vera-cruz. La productividad se evaluó en base a la eficiencia biológica, considerando: la producción de carne por ha por año (Pc/ha/año) y conversión alimenticia global (CA). La autonomía se investigó en: autonomía laboral (Al), autonomía alimentaria (Aa) y autonomía económica (Ae) considerando tipo de mano de obra utilizada, alimentos producidos en el sistema y alimentos totales utilizados convertidos a valor monetario, proporción total de insumos producidos en la granja y el total de insumos utilizados transformados a valor monetario. Se aplicaron técnicas de entrevistas semi-estructuradas. Para la granja "A" la Pc/ha/año fue de 917,8 kg y 32,8 kg/oveja/año y la CA de 0,01. La Al, Aa y Ae fue del 0; 40,5 y 18,5 por ciento, respectivamente. Para la granja "B" la Pc/ha/año fue de 380,9 y 57,2 kg/oveja/año, y la CA de 0,01. La Al, Aa y Ae 42,4; 71,1 y 52,3 por ciento